Severe Storms risk in Maryland

Severe Storm Characteristics in Maryland

Maryland's location in the Mid-Atlantic region places it in the path of a variety of severe weather events. The state is rated level 3 of 5 for severe storm risk by the National Risk Index, meaning that a combination of hazard exposure, vulnerability, and community resilience leads to a relatively high risk. While no part of Maryland is immune, the geography and climate of the state create specific patterns of risk.

The most common severe storms are strong thunderstorms, which can produce damaging straight-line winds, large hail, and frequent cloud-to-ground lightning. These storms frequently develop in the late afternoon and evening during the warmer months, especially from April through August. The western mountains, central Piedmont, and the Chesapeake Bay region can all experience these storms, but the areas just west of the Bay and the eastern shore often see a higher frequency of severe thunderstorm warnings.

Tornadoes are less common in Maryland than in 'Tornado Alley,' but they do occur. The state averages about 5-8 tornadoes per year, most of which are weak (EF0 or EF1), but stronger tornadoes have occurred. The greatest tornado risk is typically in spring and early summer, often associated with strong cold fronts or tropical systems that move through the region.

Another significant source of severe storms in Maryland are nor'easters and tropical remnants. Late-season tropical storms can bring torrential rain, high winds, and storm surge to the coastal areas. Additionally, winter and early spring storms can sometimes produce severe thunderstorms ahead of cold fronts, leading to sleet, snow, and ice in addition to wind and hail.

Given these factors, residents across the state should be aware of severe weather forecasts, especially during the spring and summer convective season and during hurricane season (June through November). The National Weather Service issues watches and warnings, and you should always act on a warning immediately.

How It Affects Homes

Severe storms can damage homes in multiple ways, and the effects can be costly. The primary causes of residential damage are high winds, hail, lightning, and heavy rainfall.

Wind damage: Straight-line winds can exceed 60 mph and in severe storms may reach 100 mph or more. These winds can rip shingles off roofs, topple chimney caps, break windows, and down large trees. Debris can act as projectiles, causing additional structural damage. Homes with older roofs or weak attachments are especially vulnerable.

Hail damage: Hail of one inch in diameter (quarter-sized) or larger can dent siding, break windows, and cause significant damage to asphalt shingles. Hail damage can lead to premature roof failure and leaks, even if not initially visible. Insurance claims for hail damage are very common in the Mid-Atlantic.

Lightning: Maryland sees a high number of lightning strikes each year. A direct strike can cause fires, destroy roofing and gutters, and send power surges through electrical systems, damaging appliances and electronics. Even nearby strikes can induce surges through utility lines.

Flooding: Severe thunderstorms often produce intense rainfall that can overwhelm storm drains and cause flash flooding. While standard homeowners insurance typically covers wind damage, flood damage is usually not covered and requires a separate flood insurance policy through the National Flood Insurance Program. Even homes outside FEMA-designated flood zones can experience flooding from severe storms.

When it comes to insurance, most standard homeowners policies cover wind, hail, and lightning damage. However, you should review your policy to understand deductibles and coverage limits. Some policies have special wind or hail deductibles for older roof replacements. Document your possessions and consider scheduling coverage for high-value items. If you experience damage, file your claim promptly and take temporary steps to prevent further damage, like covering a broken window, as insurers expect you to do that.

How to Prepare Your Home

Taking proactive measures to strengthen your home against severe storms can significantly reduce damage and increase your safety. Here are concrete steps you can take:

• Roof integrity: Inspect your roof regularly and replace missing or worn shingles. Consider installing impact-resistant shingles that can better withstand hail. Ensure your roof deck is securely fastened to the rafters.
• Secure loose items: During a storm, loose objects like patio furniture, grills, trash cans, and potted plants can become missiles. Store them inside or secure them well when a storm is forecast.
• Trim trees: Remove dead or overhanging branches that could break under wind or ice and fall on your home. Trim branches away from the roof and power lines. Remember to call your utility before trimming near power lines.
• Reinforce doors and windows: Install wind-resistant garage doors, which are often vulnerable. Use impact-resistant windows or install storm shutters. On older homes, consider adding bracing to the gable ends.
• Check your drainage: Clear gutters and downspouts to ensure rainwater flows away from your foundation. Grade your yard so water drains away and consider a sump pump with battery backup if your basement is prone to flooding.
• Surge protection: Install a whole-house surge protector to guard your electrical panel against lightning-induced surges. Use plug-in surge protectors for sensitive electronics.
• Create an emergency kit: Have a well-stocked kit with water, non-perishable food, flashlights, batteries, first-aid supplies, and important documents. Consider having a NOAA weather radio to receive alerts.
• Make a plan: If a severe thunderstorm watch is issued, be ready to move to a small, interior, windowless room on the lowest floor. For tornado warnings, go to a basement or storm cellar if available.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between a severe thunderstorm watch and a warning?

A watch means conditions are favorable for severe thunderstorms to develop. You should stay informed and be prepared to act if a warning is issued. A warning means a severe thunderstorm is imminent or occurring. Take shelter immediately in a sturdy building, away from windows.

Does homeowners insurance cover damage from severe storms?

Standard homeowners insurance policies typically cover wind, hail, and lightning damage. However, flood damage is generally excluded and requires a separate flood insurance policy. Additionally, some policies may have special deductibles for wind or hail, so review your policy and talk to your agent to understand your exact coverage.

What should I do if I am caught outside during a severe thunderstorm?

If you are outside when a severe thunderstorm hits, move quickly to a sturdy building or a hard-topped vehicle with windows rolled up. Avoid open fields, high ground, isolated trees, and water. If you hear thunder or see lightning, you are already at risk; the rule is 'When thunder roars, go indoors.'

Official Resources

• Maryland Department of Emergency Management
• NOAA Storm Prediction Center
• National Weather Service Thunderstorm Safety
• Ready.gov – Thunderstorms and Lightning