Wildfires risk in New Hampshire

Wildfire Characteristics in New Hampshire

New Hampshire's wildfire risk is rated Level 2 out of 5 by HomeRiskMap, reflecting a moderate hazard compared to the most fire-prone states. The state's humid climate, abundant rainfall, and predominantly deciduous and mixed forests limit the frequency of large, fast-moving fires. However, when dry conditions align—especially during spring before trees leaf out and in autumn after leaves fall—wildfires can and do occur.

Most wildfires in New Hampshire are surface fires that burn underbrush, grass, and fallen leaves. They are typically small and are often contained quickly by local fire departments. The National Interagency Fire Center notes that nationwide, the majority of wildfires are human-caused, and New Hampshire is no exception. Common ignition sources include debris burning, unattended campfires, and equipment use.

Geographically, the most exposed areas are in the southern and central parts of the state, particularly the southeastern region where sandy soils and pitch pine-scrub oak barrens create drier, more flammable conditions. The Connecticut River Valley and parts of the White Mountains can also experience fires during drought years, though they are less frequent. The wildland-urban interface (WUI)—where homes are built near or within forests—is growing in New Hampshire, increasing the potential for property damage.

Wildfire season in New Hampshire typically peaks in spring (March to May) and fall (October to November). During these windows, low humidity, wind, and dry fuels combine to elevate fire danger. Summer can also bring short-term drought periods that raise risk. Climate change is expected to lengthen the fire season and increase the number of high-fire-danger days in the Northeast, according to New Hampshire Homeland Security and Emergency Management.

How It Affects Homes

Wildfires can damage homes in several ways: direct flame contact, radiant heat, and ember showers. Embers are the most common cause of home ignition during wildfires—they can travel miles ahead of the fire front and land on roofs, gutters, decks, and wooden siding. In New Hampshire, even a small brush fire near a home can threaten outbuildings, vehicles, and landscaping.

Typical property damage includes:

• Burned roofs, especially those with wood shingles or debris-clogged gutters.
• Melted siding, cracked windows, and smoke damage inside homes.
• Destroyed decks, fences, and sheds.
• Damage to trees and landscaping that can lead to erosion and subsequent flooding.

From an insurance perspective, standard homeowners policies in New Hampshire typically cover wildfire damage because fire is a covered peril. This includes damage to the dwelling, personal belongings, and additional living expenses if you must evacuate. However, coverage can vary. Some insurers may require homeowners in higher-risk areas to take mitigation steps—such as clearing defensible space—or may apply a separate wildfire deductible. It's important to review your policy and speak with your agent about your specific risk.

Keep in mind that flooding after a wildfire is not covered by standard homeowners insurance. After a fire, the soil can become water-repellent, increasing flash flood risk. You would need a separate flood insurance policy through the National Flood Insurance Program or a private insurer. Also, if your home is deemed uninhabitable, loss-of-use coverage can help with temporary housing.

How to Prepare Your Home

Taking proactive steps can significantly reduce your home's vulnerability to wildfire. The Ready.gov and US Forest Service recommend the following measures:

• Create defensible space: Clear leaves, pine needles, and other flammable debris within at least 30 feet of your home. Keep grass mowed and watered.
• Use fire-resistant building materials: Install Class A roofing (asphalt shingles, metal, tile), and use non-combustible siding, decking, and fencing where possible.
• Screen vents and eaves: Cover attic, soffit, and foundation vents with 1/8-inch metal mesh to keep embers out.
• Maintain your roof and gutters: Remove debris regularly, especially during fire season.
• Prune trees and shrubs: Keep branches at least 10 feet from the house and remove lower limbs to reduce ladder fuels.
• Store flammable materials safely: Keep firewood, propane tanks, and gas cans away from the home.
• Develop an evacuation plan: Identify multiple escape routes and a meeting place. Practice with your family.
• Sign up for emergency alerts: Register for local alerts through your town or New Hampshire Homeland Security and Emergency Management.

During periods of high fire danger, follow all burn bans and permit requirements. Never leave a campfire unattended, and use caution with equipment that can spark.

Frequently Asked Questions

Are wildfires common in New Hampshire?

Wildfires are less common and generally smaller in New Hampshire than in western states, but they do occur every year. The state experiences an average of several hundred wildfires annually, most of which are contained to less than a few acres. Human activity is the primary cause.

When is wildfire season in New Hampshire?

The primary wildfire seasons are spring (March to May) and fall (October to November). Spring fires spread quickly through dry grass and leaves before new growth emerges, while fall fires burn fallen leaves and dead vegetation. However, wildfires can happen anytime when conditions are dry and windy.

Does homeowners insurance cover wildfire damage in New Hampshire?

Yes, most standard homeowners insurance policies in New Hampshire cover wildfire damage as part of the fire peril. This includes dwelling, personal property, and loss of use. However, some policies may have specific deductibles or require mitigation. Flood damage after a fire is not covered and requires separate flood insurance.

Official Resources

• New Hampshire Homeland Security and Emergency Management – State agency for emergency preparedness and wildfire information.
• National Interagency Fire Center – National wildfire statistics and coordination.
• Ready.gov – Wildfires – Federal guidance on wildfire preparedness and safety.
• US Forest Service – Fire – Information on fire management and defensible space.