Earthquakes risk in Oklahoma

What earthquake risk looks like in Oklahoma

Oklahoma is not located on a tectonic plate boundary like California, but it has deep faults that can produce earthquakes. According to the USGS Earthquake Hazards Program, the state experienced a sharp rise in earthquake activity beginning around 2009, primarily in central and north-central Oklahoma. This increase was largely attributed to the injection of wastewater from oil and gas production into deep disposal wells, which can change stress on faults. While the number of felt earthquakes has decreased since its peak around 2015–2016 due to reduced injection volumes and regulatory actions, Oklahoma still records earthquakes every year.

Most of Oklahoma's earthquakes are small—magnitude 3 or lower—and cause little to no damage. However, the state has experienced larger events, including a magnitude 5.8 earthquake near Pawnee in 2016, which damaged buildings and was felt across several states. The areas most exposed to earthquake shaking include the central part of the state, particularly the Oklahoma City metropolitan area, Edmond, Guthrie, Cushing, and Pawnee. These regions sit above fault systems that have been active in recent years. Earthquakes can happen at any time of year; they are not seasonal like tornadoes or floods. There is no "earthquake season" in Oklahoma.

Oklahoma's earthquake risk is rated level 2 out of 5 on the HomeRiskMap scale, indicating a moderate risk compared to other states. While the risk is lower than in high-hazard states like California or Alaska, the potential for damaging earthquakes is real, and homeowners should understand what steps they can take to reduce their risk.

How earthquakes affect homes in Oklahoma

Earthquake shaking can damage homes in several ways. Common impacts include:

• Foundation cracks: Shaking can cause cracks in concrete slabs, pier-and-beam foundations, and basement walls.
• Wall and ceiling damage: Drywall cracks, separation at joints, and fallen plaster are common, especially around door and window frames.
• Chimney damage: Brick or stone chimneys can crack, lean, or collapse, creating a safety hazard.
• Roof and structural issues: In stronger earthquakes, roofs can shift, and porches or additions may separate from the main house.
• Broken pipes and gas leaks: Shaking can rupture water and gas lines, leading to leaks, water damage, or fire risk.
• Contents damage: Unsecured furniture, televisions, water heaters, and shelves can topple, causing injuries and property damage.

In Oklahoma, most homes are built with wood-frame construction, which generally performs better in earthquakes than unreinforced masonry. However, many homes have brick veneer, which can crack and fall. Older homes with unbraced chimneys or cripple walls are more vulnerable.

Standard homeowners insurance policies typically do not cover earthquake damage. In Oklahoma, earthquake coverage is usually available as a separate policy or as an endorsement to a homeowners policy. According to the FEMA Earthquake Safety page, it's important to check with your insurance agent about your options. Some insurers may require a separate deductible for earthquake damage, often expressed as a percentage of your home's insured value. If you live in an area with higher earthquake activity, consider whether earthquake insurance makes sense for your budget and risk tolerance.

How to prepare your home for an earthquake

Taking steps before an earthquake can reduce damage and keep your family safe. The Ready.gov earthquake guidance recommends the following:

1. Secure heavy furniture and appliances: Anchor bookcases, tall cabinets, and televisions to wall studs. Use flexible straps or brackets for water heaters and gas appliances.
2. Brace or replace unreinforced chimneys: Consult a licensed contractor to retrofit chimneys, especially if they are brick or stone.
3. Reinforce foundations and cripple walls: In homes with raised foundations, add plywood sheathing and anchor bolts to strengthen the connection to the foundation.
4. Install flexible gas connectors: Have a plumber replace rigid gas lines with flexible connectors to reduce the risk of leaks during shaking.
5. Know how to shut off utilities: Learn where your gas meter and main water valve are located, and keep a wrench nearby. Only shut off gas if you smell or hear a leak.
6. Secure fragile items: Use museum putty or closed cabinets with latches for dishes, glassware, and collectibles.
7. Create a disaster kit: Include water, non-perishable food, flashlight, batteries, first-aid supplies, medications, and a battery-powered radio. Ready.gov has a full checklist.
8. Make a family plan: Decide how you will communicate and where you will meet if an earthquake occurs while family members are apart.
9. Practice "Drop, Cover, and Hold On": During an earthquake, drop to your hands and knees, cover your head and neck under a sturdy table, and hold on until shaking stops. If no table is available, get down near an interior wall and protect your head with your arms.

If you rent, ask your landlord about earthquake preparedness measures. Even small actions like securing a bookcase can make a difference.

Frequently asked questions

Are Oklahoma's earthquakes natural or caused by human activity?

According to the USGS, the increase in Oklahoma earthquakes since 2009 is largely linked to wastewater injection from oil and gas operations. Some earthquakes are natural, but the majority of the recent increase has been associated with human-induced seismicity. Regulatory changes and reduced injection volumes have led to a decline in earthquake rates in recent years, but the risk remains.

Does homeowners insurance cover earthquake damage in Oklahoma?

Standard homeowners insurance policies typically exclude earthquake damage. You usually need to purchase a separate earthquake policy or add an endorsement. Coverage and deductibles vary, so talk to your insurance agent to understand your options. In Oklahoma, earthquake insurance may be more affordable than in high-risk states, but it still depends on your location and the age and construction of your home.

What should I do during an earthquake in Oklahoma?

Follow the "Drop, Cover, and Hold On" method recommended by Ready.gov: drop to your hands and knees, take cover under a sturdy desk or table, and hold on until the shaking stops. If you are outdoors, move away from buildings, streetlights, and utility wires. If you are driving, pull over to a clear location and stay inside until the shaking stops. Avoid doorways—they are not safer than any other part of the house.

Official resources

• Oklahoma Department of Emergency Management – state agency for emergency preparedness and response.
• USGS Earthquake Hazards Program – real-time earthquake information, maps, and research.
• Ready.gov – Earthquakes – national public service campaign for disaster preparedness.
• FEMA Earthquake Safety – federal guidance on earthquake risk management and safety.